How advertisement effects peoples lives Essay Example for Free

How ad effects citizenrys lives EssayAs Americans we are exposed to advertisements anyday. throng are pressured from every direction by advertisements which exploit their deepest fears, attractions, needs, and desires, shaping their behaviors, goals, and thoughts. They are led into accept false information and promises that are mostly never kept, alone for the simple reason of selling the overlap and making profit. We see advertisements everywherein magazines and newspapers, on the radio, on TV, online, in the mail, even over the phone.These advertisements use the basic ideas of either providing an elect status with the possession of the product, or giving a sense of be to a group or community. Since the recent military activity in Iraq and Afghanistan, some other ever present idea has been made prominent and that is using patriotism to evoke peoples desires. Americans are persuaded into bargaining unnecessary items everyday however, we need to realize that no matter what advertisements say we should purchase items for their usefulness, not to fill voids in our lives, so we can help eliminate the problem we face today of being a materialistic society.The ultranationalistic theme rivaling peoples hearts, minds and senses, is commonly used to manipulate them into buying things. Since everyone has love for their country, using it to sell products is a brilliant idea, but I believe this is a bad practice. It lines people believe they are not ideal Americans, nor are they equivalent to the people rough them if they do not buy that product. The Palmolive advertisement, in Seeing and Writing 2, is a key example, it appeals to the wives of the men at war in World War II (417). On the top of this advertisement there are three medals which contain picture of three different men in their uniforms and the words For Him appear next to each picture.In the displace part of the advertisement there is a woman looking up at these medals and above her head are the words, I pledge myself to guard every bit of Beauty that he cherishes in me, and finally in the background there are several faces of women also looking towards the medals. This advertisement is basically communicating to the wives the idea of guarding their watcher, by using this soap, just like their husbands are guarding their country. The ironic fact is that soap cannot make someone beautiful, nor do people lose their beauty if they do not use the correct brand of soap. This advertisement is connecting a heroic and patriotic actto one used for mere beauty, in revisal to sell the soap.The Palmolive advertisement was run in 1943, but a more current advertisement which uses similar attributes is Chevrolet and its guide word for its recent line of cars, An American Revolution. This slogan is always placed on a blue sky background and the writing is in bold exsanguinous letters, except for the E in Revolution, this letter is written in red ink. So when you come across thi s slogan, not only does the slogan sound patriotic to you, it also appears to be patriotic because it incorporates the red, the white and the blue.This phrase says to its audience that every American is buying and driving a Chevy car and so should they. Another detail that could be interpreted egress of this advertisement is that since the U.S. is currently at war and fighting a revolution against terrorism, a person living in the U.S. can participate in this patriotic revolution by purchasing a Chevrolet. This would be true only if Chevrolet was funding the war, instead of the US government. on with this, another advertisement that exploits this concept was the Netzero advertisement run during the time before the elections. In this advertisement the spokesman was running for President under the alias of Candidate Zero. His main goal was to provide cheaper and faster net income to every family and household. In order to get peoples attention, this clever idea was used, and it cert ainly worked on people like me. Viewers could also connect the advertisement with the true presidential race and that way the product of the advertisement was stuck in their conscious awareness. The whole patriotic theme is strange because the connection between patriotism and the product does not make the product function better, so why do we feel obligated to pay attention to the advertisement and even purchase that product.Along with patriotism another concept used widely is the elitism the product brings to people with its possession. As Jack Solomon wrote in his essay Masters of Desire, We Americans dream of rising some the crowd, of attaining a social summit beyond the reach of ordinary citizens (1). He is basically saying that Americans want to be better then the people aroundthem and this belief is what marketers feast on, creating status symbols like Rolex, Mercedes, BMW, etc. One advertisement that crosses my mind in terms of using elitism would be the new U2 iPod Specia l mutation advertisement. This promotes an iPod with a black cover and laser engraved signatures of the U2 band members everything else is similar to a regular iPod whereas, the price is $50 more. People are led into believing that the U2 iPod is better than the regular one only because it is endorsed by U2.Another ironic detail is that a normal iPod itself is a product of elitism, because even though it has similar functions to a Sony or any other MP3 player, it costs $100 more only because it comes with the signature white headphones. These headphones, unique only because an iPod come equipped with them, stir made themselves and the iPod a status symbol. Most people only buy an iPod because they want the headphones to show the illusion of superiority and uniqueness. Solomon says, The explanation is quite simple when an endeavor (or puppy) either costs a lot of money or requires influential connections to possess, anyone who possesses it must also possess the necessary means of influence to determine it (3). This explains why the white headphones have made the iPod a status symbol, since its shows possession of an expensive item, even though rationally speaking the color of the headphones does not make the iPod function better, they only make it different.Solomon also talks about another part of the American Dream, in which belonging to a group is important. The Chevrolet slogan connects us to the entire American population the iPod connects us to other owners of an iPod, and so on. We need a sense of connection and belonging, fulfilling our need for attention and affection. Abraham Maslow, a founder of humane psychology, created a triangle in which he placed a persons needs in the order they needed to be fulfilled and the need for love and belonging was the third basic need. Disillusioned by the advertisements, people try to fulfill this need by buying the products. This proves that using this theme advertisers are able to affect the person on much deep er levels then recognizable, yet by no means does the product itself become more useful.It is understandable that advertisers need to appeal to people in order tosell their product and that is why they use these tactics, but what is not understandable is while knowing the truth people believe the hoaxes and let advertisements dictate what they are going to buy. People need to realize that products should not be used to fulfill our weaknesses they should be consumed based on our needs, because companies will take note manufacturing status symbols until we accept that products and items are only materialistic and we can never attain all the luxury items around us. We are scammed into buying false promises everyday, afterwards we realize that we have a choice against it, we can choose not to let advertisements or minor details about the product like the endorsements, or the color of headphones, or the catchy slogan persuade us into buying a certain item.

Support individuals to eat and drink Essay Example for Free

Support individuals to eat and drink Essay

A Comparison Of Multiple Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Multiple Theories Of Inter depicted object Relations Politics EssayTo have a oceanic abyss understanding in transnational trans diddleion, everyone must c over many theories which ar Realism supposition, Liberalism possibility, International Political Economy theory, and others. Realism theory is one of the oldest theories that has been created for a long time that is wherefore many people have a fancy that Realism theory is an outdated approach or that Realism theory dope no longer be used to inform international relations. However, we really believe that Realism theory is mute playing an imperative constituent in interpreting current international relations. In this paper, we are going to demonstrate that Realism theory is not an outdated theory in international relations since Realism theory is still being used to explain international relations at current circumstances. We begin with providing an overview of Realism theory, and we, then, gives severa l chemise studies in order to prove that Realism theory is not outdated.Overview of Realism TheorySince Realism theory has been come out of the closetd for a long time, many elements of Realism theory have been developed. Thus, we need to know those elements so that we great deal have a clear picture of Realism theory. In this part, five crucial elements of Realism theory, which are true world, neo-classical realism, strategic realism, structural realism or neo-realism, and stability realism or hegemony and balance of violence, allow for be briefly explored.Classical RealismIn classical realism, in that location are three prominent realism scholars whose names are Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. Thucydides, who is an ancient Greek historian, developed his main concept in classical realism, which is called naturalist character to show that at that arse is anarchy in international relations. He believes that all assures are naturally unequal in billet t hat is why they usually have competitions and conflicts among them. Thucydides mates with the idea that Man is a governmental animal said by Aristotle, and he further ascertains that political animals are highly unequal in their functions and capabilities to dominate others and to fight back themselves. Thus, he recommended that all states, especially weak states, and statespeople must conduct properly in IR by discerning deeply the inequality of power environment so that they can survive and prosper. Decision makers should have thought deeply and carefully before making the nett ones whether or not the outcome is good. More keyly, he introduces the view that there is no Justice in equality of power in IR. It means that the grand power ones can do whatever they want whereas the minor power ones suffer what results from the actions of great power want. Indeed, Thucydides sees that there is anarchy in international relations since there is an inequality of power. Therefore, al l states, especially weak states, have no real choices in operation, but they try to adapt into the environment of power authorities or go to war in order to secure and survive.The other crucial classical realist in IR is the Renaissance Italian political theoriser Niccolo Machiavelli who believes that state leaders al rooms try to fill up advantages and pr particular state interest for their countries. In doing so, state leaders need to use two important means in conducting foreign policy which are power and deception. Leaders need power because when they are strong, they are able to defend their countries and to abide by their national interest. Using deception in foreign policy also helps leaders not to miss the opportunity to gain advantages for their countries. State leaders need to grasp well some their rivals or competitors so that it is easy for them to win over their rivals or competitors. Beside this, he has an assumption that the being is a dangerous place, but the re are opportunities in the world as well. Therefore, in order to survive, states must know the danger in order to survive, or states must be cognisant of opportunities so that they can take advantages of them. Furthermore, he commented leaders that they should not perform foreign policy accordance with the principle of Christian ethics such as love thy neighbor, be peaceful, and avoid war except in self-defense because that principle can lead their states to be destroyed. In conclusion, Machiavelli believes that state is self-interest and that the world is a dangerous place, but the there are opportunities in the world as well. He also provides statecrafts for state leaders to conduct so that they take advantages or bring protection for their countries.Beside Thucydides and Niccolo Machiavelli, the seventeen-century English political and legal philosopher Thomas Hobbes who lived at a time of great social change and political imbalance is also an influential classical realist. Th erefore, he developed his concept that is relevant to the nature of political power or sovereign power. He elucidate why people agreed to jointly create sovereign state. Before the creation of sovereign state, people lived in danger because they always have conflicts or wars with severally others. Therefore, in order to live in secure and peace, they collaborated with each others to create sovereign state. However, the creation of sovereign state poses other serious political fuss which is security of dilemma because no one can control sovereign states.Neoclassical RealismNeoclassical realism is the second evolution of realism theory. Morgenthau is a vital neoclassical realist, and he is pessimistic about natural politic of human being. People are born to pursue power and to enjoy the production of power so that they can survive or prosper. The desire of gaining power makes them have conflicts or wars with each others. As a result, there will be international anarchy and conflic ts in system of states. Moreover, Morgenthau has similar idea about morality in conduction foreign policy with Thucydides and Machiavelli. As a trusty leader for a state, he or she needs to perform or engage in foreign policy or government activity that he or she would be wrong according to hugger-mugger morality. For instance, he or she might lie, spy, and cheat.Strategic RealismOther element of realism theory is strategic realism, and the discernible scholar of strategic realism is Thomas Schelling whose main focus is foreign policy determination-making. He believes that foreign policy of state is rational which means that state constructs foreign policy depend on what state want to achieve so that game theory can be used to deeply explain foreign policy of state. In game theory, individual that is rational always try to do close tothing in order to satisfy his/her preference. Beside this, he has a view that when state faces diplomatic and soldiery issues, state leader need to find strategic and instructional though in dealing with them. By doing do, state leader is able to make his state survive and be better off. More importantly, he also provides analytical tools for instrumentally strategic thought which are brute absorb and coercion. In brute force, he refers to the way that state deals with issues by using military force or going to war. On the other hand, coercion refers to the way that state solves issues by diplomacy or bargaining, so having a deep understanding of her opponents lets state use bargaining method to solve issues more slow and effectively. In short, according to Thomas Schelling, state needs to think strategically in confronting diplomatic and military issues.Structural RealismIn 1979, Kenneth K. Waltz try to reformulate other international theories including classical realism in a naked as a jaybird and distinctive way, by applying a more scientific approach, which was known as Neorealism or Structural Realism. Waltz took in ternational structures as the center of analysis, and the international structures are internaional anarchy, states as like units, unequal state capability, and great power relations. conflicting classical realists, Waltz believed that human nature had little to do in the system since they were shaped by the social struture or architecture. The anarchic system urged states to pursue power and cope with each other in order to survive, otherwise they would be trapped in the system. Neorealists believed that power is a mean to an end, and the ultimatevend is survival. According to Waltz, there were five straight forward assumptions to explain why states want power. The first assumption is that great powers are the main actors in world politics and they charter in an anarchic system. The second assumption is that all states possess more or less offensive military capability. Each state, in other words, has the power to inflict some harm on its neighbor. The third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of other states. The quaternityth assumption is that the main goal of states is survival. States hear to maintain their territorial reserve integrity and the autonomy of their domestic political order. The fifth assumption is that states are rational actors, which is to say they are capable of coming up with sound strategies that maximize their prospects for survival.Neorealist Stability TheoryJohn Mearsheimer is an offensive realist in structural realism theory and he describes about balance of power and hegemony and agrees that military power is still a main tool and critical element in world politic. John Mearsheimer, currently the professor at US University differs from other realists because he determined that the behaviors of states are affected by the anarchical structure of international relations. He agrees that the world nowadays is anarchic where there are the crashes in the midst of the states especially powerful ones w ith no world government to rule over sovereign states and challenge its sovereignty. They, states, are trying to compete for power and seek hegemony. However, states, in fact, can only become the hegemony in their own region of the world but they also want to make sure that no other regional hegemony in any part of the world emerges as a peer competitor. For congresswoman, this is what the goal of get together States is to protect its sphere of influence in europium and eastbound Asia and it also ensures that there are no other competitors rising to challenge its position. Indeed, if China wants to become the competitor to United States in East Asia, United States will prevent China from intervening in other regions such as the case of southbound China Sea. This is why his theory was called as offensive realism which rest on assumption that great power are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal.Mearsheimer also gi ve tongue to that the anarchy has two principle consequences. First, there is little room for trust among states and state can ever be certain another state will not use its military capability. Second, each state must guarantee its own survival because no other actor will provide its security. As a result, states inherently have to possess offensive military capability as the necessary protection.We can summarize the discussion thus far by briefly stating what these realists basically have in common. First, human beings as well as states are self-interest. Second, they agree that the human condition is a condition of danger and conflict which must be addressed and dealt with. Third, they agree that there is a body of political knowledge, or wisdom, to deal with the problem of security, and each of them tries to identify the keys to it. Finally, they agree that there is no final escape from this human condition, which is a permanent feature of human life. In other words, although th ere is a body of political wisdom-which can be identified and stated in the form of political maxims-there are no permanent or final solutions to the problems of politics-including international politics.Case StudiesU.S. usurpation in IraqU.S. invasion in Iraq is one of the evident which show that realism theory is not an outdated approach in interpreting international relations. That event can be analyzed by using state interest, hegemony, and international structure. U.S under President Bush run overd Iraq since the President wants to keep U.S. as a hegemonic state. In order to be a hegemonic state, state needs to have strong economy and military. In this case, U.S. wants to control oil resource in Iraq so that U.S. can use those resources to boost his economy. With strength economy, U.S. can also promote military strength. Beside this, the international structure also caused U.S. to invade Iraq as well. Terrorism is nothing new for human society, but it is probably exist since human began to regulate the use of violence or threat. The 11 September 2001 attacks in New York and Washington and it is regarding as an issue that concern by International Relation. This is the threat to human security of United States as well as the world. For this case United States, the super power invaded Iraq the subatomic state in 2003, the reason is that United States wanted to protect itself from attacking by terrorist groups and care about the worlds security. If pedestal can attack United States, it would be possible for those terrorists to attack other countries in the world. Terrorists are unforced to create fear to people that why United States invaded Iraq to ensure security for its citizen and states. Obviously, classical realism theory does effectively apply to the case of US- Iraq war in 2003 due to the fact that United States just use strategic of self defend in order to protect its citizen from being attack by terrorist from Iraq. Public opinion thought that six months before the attack, President Bush met in the snowy House with eleven members of the US House of Representatives. While the war against terrorism is going okay, he told the lawmakers, the United States would soon have to deal with a greater danger The biggest threat, however, is Saddam Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction. He can blow up Israel and that would trigger an international conflict. In brief, I believe that The United States is willing to protect its people and states from being attack by terrorists from Iraq. US, of course preferred the defensive theory to make the states survival. US had made a final decision to invade Iraq before terrorist become the major threat to the international security. Unite States are trying to prevent threats, violence and fear that occur by Al-Qaida and other horror terrorists toward the world security. sulphur China Sea IssueThe tension generated by maritime disputes in the South China Sea is the example of hegemony and ba lance of power featured in Structural realism theory. The South China Sea Conflict was involved by six countries. China, Taiwan and Vietnam claims sovereignty over the entire area. The Philippines and Malaysia each maintain separate claims to specific features, while Brunei claims only a 200 nautical mile exclusive zone.All those states compete with one another because of its enormous economic benefits and the conflicts have started decades ago. It is significant to note that the South China Sea is the critical trade route between Europe and East Asia, and its rich commercial fishing field and enormous natural gas field are worth billions of dollars. Whoever can hold a territorial right over it could gain quite a strong substantial power in politics and economics. It is what China is seeking naval preponderance in the South China Sea to become a global naval power which is a projection to the India Ocean.Meanwhile, the rising power of China from resources in South China Sea comes th e potential threat to United States. US try to deal itself back into South East Asian geopolitics and bolster its position in the region by the growing closer ties with Vietnam. In response to US intervention, China stressed that this conflict is an internal affair of China and the intervention of US will only make the topic worse and the resolution more difficult, posed in Chinese Foreign Ministrys Website. Similarly, Vietnam could project that the external involvement of US will strengthen the balance of power relatively to China since China is the main threat to Vietnam since decades ago uptill the present day. Other countries also state to act accordingly in the hope of same purpose. Otherwise, Asian-led multilateral security cooperation is still a work in progress toward this security dilemma but it is until now to address change magnitude arm procurements, Chinas military transformation and US renewed engagement to shore up Southeast Asias regional autonomy and ASEAN centra lity in the regions security architecture.What we can learn from this conflict are the struggle of states to become hegemony still remain and the possession of offensive military power was also taken place and incapability of institutionalism toward this long-term regional security dilemma of ASEAN. The successive control over the sea will give China the greater control over Taiwan, Vietnam, and East Asian Countries. Obviously, the ambitious claims of China also demonstrate the aggressive desire to be hegemony in the regions by claiming to sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the South China Sea. At the same time, US also strengthen its stretegic position in region, for instance, exercising military power with Vietnam and making Vietnam its closest alliance. Otherwise, the multilateral dialogue in ASEAN did not effectively bring all the involving countries into the negotiation since China prefers bilateral talks to deal with the individual countries by using its soft power, incre ased trade and investment. This signifies that the corporation through institution did not bring any complete resolution to the conflicts.japanese Prime Minister Yukio HatoyamaRealism theory can better be used to explain the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama in 2010 since he could not remove U.S. military stupid on Okinawa Island. During the election campaign, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama pledged that when he becomes the Prime Minister, he will remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island. The presence of U.S. military base on Okinawa Island causes some troubles to Japanese such as raping and accident that are caused by American solider. However, that Mr. Yukio Hatoyama could not remove the U.S. military base on Okinawa Island can be elaborated through realism theory in several ways. According Classical realist Machiavelli and Neoclassical realist Han Morgenthau, state leaders cannot use private morality in politics and foreign policy so that they can bring security as wel l as prosperity to their countries. In this case, being the Prime Minister, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama cannot use private morality in dealing with U.S. military base issue as he needs to think about state interest. Beside this, Because of International structures, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama cannot keep his promise. First, later on WWII, Japan is not allowed to have war army by its constitution, but U.S. will maintain security for Japan. Second, North Korea is also a threat of Japan. Therefore, Japan needs U.S. military presence so that Japan can be secured. Indeed, the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama which results from failing to remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island is the evident that show current state leaders still cannot use private morality in politics and foreign policy as well as that international structures determine what state leaders are going to do.2008-2010 George-Russia Crisis gallium-Russia War happened in 2008 to fight for the South Ossetia, which is th e automous province in Russia. Georgia called for help from United States to back its power for the balance with Russia and also wished to be the member of NATO. However, United States ignored the Georgias intention. According to the theory of Thucydides, there is the inequality of power among states it means that there are weak states and powerful states. The powerful ones could do whatever they wish to whereas the suffers always go to the weak ones. In this case, Russia, powerful state, could invade Georgia as a weak state, and no one could help Georgai. Although both countries are members of United Nations, it cannot prevent the strong states like Russia to invade Georgia, the small and less powerful state. It states that the states remain the significant and sovereign actor in world politics. Consequently, the international system is mostly dominated and leaded by the strong states who act as the core of the world affair while the weak one followed and acts as periphery of inter national relations.ConclusionThough Realism started to emerge in the ancient time, from time to time Realism have developed into classical, strategic, structural realism to keep updated with the changing environment of international relation. No matter how realism have categorize into a few more types it still manages to keep its core concepts that state is the main actor who manages the world affairs. As we explained the four mian cases including many others phenomena in the world today, Realism proves that the states behavior are still shaped by Realism theory. Although, nowday the current issues are muliplied not only about security and politics but also environment, human rights, pedemic disease and terrorism, Realism still can analyse those issues very well. Moreover, the multipolar world exists but the state still stands as the sovereign actor in world politics. Then, Realism remaims the significant platform for explaining the internatioinal relation today and decades ahead.

Risky play in early years setting

Risky bid in early years settingIntroductionThere is an ongoing debate whether to prioritise the galosh of children or the clears of angry play in early years setting. More particularly, the contention is on the issue of making certain children are safe against allowing them to play in emotionally and physically motivating and challenging contexts. The emphasis is currently on the skilful of children to participate in groundless play. Thus far, there are no investigations classifying venturey play. This study leave alone attempt to accomplish this.In the present study, risky play is defined as stimulating or thrilling varieties of play that take up a possibility of physical harm. Children normally want to and participate in risky or challenging varieties of play although, and to a certain extent, it involves the risk of acquiring injured or hurt. Because of the precaution concerns of the Western culture, the issue of risky play in early years and the degree such play shoul d be monitored and correct are crucial and continuous debates (Greenfield 2003). These debates on play refuge call for generated safety proceedings and legislation from concerned child care workers and parents. This has invoked further disputes on the balance amongst the benefits of risky play for child development on one hand, and safety proceedings and litigations on the other hand (New, Mardell Robinson 2005).Normally, play occurs under(a) the supervising of adults, hence controlling what children are permitted to do and where they are permitted to go (Gill 2007). For this reason, adults are influencing the safety of children when playing, and, simultaneously, they embody the greatest limitation on the childs capability of experiencing challenges and risks that are eventually prospering for development (Gill 2007). A persistent argument in the literature is the children gain developmentally from taking risk, and that too much protection from risk can hamper development.Hi storical and Current Context of the DebateIn a continuously evolving humanity, environmental and social aspects develop significantly affected childrens opportunities for emotionally and physically challenging play. Where previously youngsters may pay off played in the street, playing ball games, riding bicycles or playing other outdoor activities, increase road hazards has made the streets and play opportunities restricted to children as the risk or perils are extremely high. Children nowadays are confined to their houses or designated areas for relatively secured places to play. belt up even these are transforming (Ball 2002). With increasing populations, the enlarged need for housing in several areas, specifically urban areas, is weakening the play spaces of children. High-density housing is increasingly comme il faut widespread and housing units are becoming smaller (Rivkin 1995). Coupled with diminished opportunities for parents to allocate condemnation for the supervision and participation in their childrens play due to grow work obligations, this condition has led to greatly decreased opportunities for childrens participation in risky play (Rivkin 1995).In addition to this, diminished risky play experiences have been ascribed to the fears of parents for the safety of their children. A UK survey discovered that, although 91 percent of the grown-ups asked understood the benefit of risky play, 60 percent said they were worried about their childrens safety when playing in unsafe places (Valentine McKendrick 1997). Consequently, parents place higher constraints on their childrens independent plays. Their worries have aided the development of overprotective or domineering parenting, by which the world is viewed as a naturally unsafe place from which children have to be protected (New et al. 2005). This concern for safety is present on several levels, involving concerns linked to safety stemming from stranger danger (p. 49) and increased street hazards, as well as those linked to harm inflicted by the use of play equipment, such as skateboards, peal blades, etc., and playground.In contrast, Ball (2002) emphasises that, because the advantages of risky play are not simply determined using recognised western scientific processes, they have a aim not to be properly regarded in discussions about risk and play. He vies If the purpose of an activity is not directly considered, then a balance between risk and benefit cannot be struck and one is in danger of considering only one side of the equation (p. 51). It is claimed risk taking can have favourable effects in terms of childrens emotional, social and developmental needs, as well as their general well-being (Ball 2002). Advocates of risky play tend to argue that removing risks deny children the opportunity to evaluate them competently, and hence they are unprepared to cope with any circumstances they may experience in later life (Childrens summercater Council 2004). It is argued tha t, by giving chances to children to deal with their own risks in a regulated environment, they will become skilled at important life capabilities required for adulthood, and produce the experience required to confront the changeable nature of the world (Childrens Play Council 2004).Gill (2007) claims that depriving children this opportunity may generate a society of risk-disinclined population, or citizens unequal to(p) of dealing with daily situations, or in children easily locating more hazardous areas to perform their risk-taking behaviour risk-taking is regarded to have additional advantages, which contribute to the cultivation of favourable personality attributes, such as creativity (Ball 2002). Through exposure to cautiously supervised risks children become skilled at sound judgment in evaluating risks themselves, gum olibanum developing self-esteem, resilience, and confidence, attributes that are crucial for their later independence (Ball 2002). Moreover, a developing cul ture of litigation has led to the elimination of playground paraphernalia from numerous universe places and a growing anxiety amongst educators and child care workers that they will be held responsible for any harm sustained by a child composition in their supervision (Childrens Play Council 2004).Moreover, children who adopt and use more minor techniques to play may be open to the more threatening possibilities of chronic ailment linked to diminished levels of activity. Experimental data with children in preschools (Smith Hagan 1980) and early school years (Pellegrini Davis 1993) shows that participants who have been denied of physical play for a given period of time will, when provided with the opportunity, participate in physical activities that are much more challenging and persistent. This effect of deprivation was discovered to be more intense for boys than for girls and indicates that risk reducing techniques that limit physical activities are prone to have a direct effe ct on the plays quality (Mitchell et al. 2006). Hence, the benefit of risk-taking in facilitating childrens development and learning in the context of risky play will be explored in the present study.Current DebateProviding opportunities of risk-taking for children in physical play does not imply that safety is taken for granted. Instead it implies that parents and educators have to be highly aware of the dangers and carry out all the essential steps to make sure that the environment is safe, and to have sufficient number of staffs to supervise risky play (Mitchell et al. 2006). Even in spite of appearance the field of playground safety and harm prevention there is recognition of the benefit of risk-taking during play. As argued by Mitchell and colleagues (2006), children should have opportunities to explore and experiment in an environment that provides a degree of managed risk (p. 122), because eventually, regardless how secure the play environment is, it will fall short in meeti ng its goal if it is not thrilling and appealing for children.Inopportunely, the concept risk-taking is generally understood with negative implications, with danger and risk usually viewed as synonymous (New et al. 2005). However, Greenfield (2003) thinks a differentiation should be made between these two concepts risk links to the childs doubt about being capable of attaining the in demand(p) result, involving a decision whether to take risk or not, whilst danger is something the child does not perceive. Grown-ups can mostly perceive the dangers and try to get rid of them. The modality is in that case certain for children to confront the challenge and take the risk should they decide to do so (Greenfield 2003). This also requires giving sufficient assistance and supervision and being conscious of those features of the childs activities that may contribute to severe injury, particularly as an outcome of improper use of playground tools (Ball 2002).The concept of finding the symmet ry is integral if children are to have the chance to encounter some risk in their lives. This symmetry can be realised when adults respond perceptively to individual behaviour patterns (Gill 2007) to recognise and develop childrens capability of evaluating and managing risk, as well as their need for stimulation and challenge in their play.ConclusionsRisk is a crucial deliberation within the play field, but it remains a comparatively under-studied field. The studies that have been conducted appears to assume that play is both pleasurable and favourable to children, and there is a number of trial impression that children have a higher understanding of and capability of handling risk than they are credited for. It also proposes that chances for children to evaluate and encounter risk in play are constrained because of several attitudes and structural limitations. Several authors call this a risk-averse society due to the carefulness of risk evaluation in childrens play opportunity, and the dominant judgment adults adopt towards risky play.There is substantiation to indicate that several of the measures that have been adopted to build safer play for children are not needed or efficient. Scholars appeal for acknowledgement of the potential impacts that thorough safety norms have for children, and propose using a new strategy of risk evaluation.ReferencesBall, D. (2002) Playgrounds Risks, benefits and choices, Middlesex University HSE Books.Childrens Play Council. (2004) Childrens Play Council indemnity Positions Risk and challenge in childrens play, http//www.ncb.org.uk/dotpdf/open%20access%20-%20phase%20only/policyrisk_cpc_2004.pdf.G. Valentine J. McKendrick. (1997) Childrens outdoor play Exploring parental concerns about childrens safety and the changing nature of childhood, Geoforum , 219-235.Gill, T. (2007) No Fear Growing up in a risk averse society, London Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.Greenfield, C. (2003) Outdoor play The case for risks and challenge s in childrens learning and development, Safekids News , 5.Mitchell, R., Cavanagh, M. Eager, D. (2006) Not all risk is bad, playgrounds as a learning environment for children, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion , 122-124.New, R.S., Mardell, B. Robinson, D. (2005) Early childhood education as risky dividing line Going beyond whats safe to discovering whats possible, Early Childhood Research and Practice , 7.Pellegrini, A.D. Davis, P. (1993) Relations between childrens playgroundand classroom behaviour, British Journal , 86-95.Rivkin, M. (1995) The great outdoors Restoring childrens right to play outside, Washington, D.C. National Association for the Education of Young Children.

India Stand In Terms Of Soft Power Potential Media Essay

India Stand In Terms Of Soft Power Potential Media EssayThe proliferation of the great unwashed media television, radio, inter nett and print media with its reach across vast swaths of the globe has make it a strategic imperative for countries today to proactively com sceneage their image and perceptions if they ar to compel a Soft power. Forming, communicating and managing Indias appealing attributes in an era of 24/7 tonics brings increasingly important to how we are perceived by early(a) nations and peoples. A corollary to communicating our attributes is that we need to contemplate and define the attributes that best define us as a nation.i2. India is fortunate enough to be endowed with a rich Soft Power. The set in motionation of Indias Soft Power is its pluralism, tolerance, secularism, unparallel ethnical heritage of music, dance-drama, yoga, Ayurveda and a tradition of absolute thinking. This tradition of abstract thinking has accustomed an unrivalled edge in the co ntemporary world. It is this tradition of abstract thinking which has put India in the centre-stage of Information Technology. A long tradition of learning enabled India to moderate modern Western Science Technology. IITs and IIMs and other Institutes commence the primary vehicles of keeping abreast with the western Science and Technology. The appeal of its democratic system and growing frugal success make it an exciting counterpart to more than than authoritarian mainland China and a far more affluent United States.3. What India undersurface achieve fuck be guestimated from the following figuresii(a) 38% of doctors in America are Indians.(b) 12% of Scientists in USA are Indians.(c) 36% of NASA employees are Indians.(d) 34% of Micro wanton employees are Indians.(e) 28% of IBM employees are Indians.(f) 17% of Intel employees are Indian.(g) 13% of Xerox employees are Indians.(h) 23% of Indian Community in the USA is having green Card.(J) In Silicon Valley, peerless third of t he engineers are of Indian descent and 70% of high-tech firms are led by Indian CEOs.4. This is what Indians foundation achieve in the most demonstrable country of the developed world USA. So, is India in a position to get due recognition by other nations of the world? Its economy is growing at a stupendous rate of over eight percent. India now is a nu subject power, having the fourth largest military, and supports over 17.5 percent of the worlds population. Its foreign exchange is a whooping 313 one million million million dollars and growing. Indians dominate the list of top 10 one million millionaires, with four Indians on the list. Does this prove the grandeur of India? So, now can it throw away a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, and be allowed to join the elite power group? Can it now be placed above the Third World status, and be known to the world as a developed country? India has not adequately utilized its Soft Power resources at home and through the Indian Diaspora. India should realize where its strengths lie if it wants to resurrect its image. In Shashi Tharoors words, India must determine where its strengths lie as it seeks to make the twenty-first century its own.iii5. So where does India stand in impairment of Soft power potential? Today, we find ourselves often existence referred to as a potential power in spite of nearly half a decade of record economic growth. To be acknowledged as a world(prenominal) power India needs to unlock its vast potential to be a Soft power. We are uniquely positioned to tap into the characteristics an ancient culture, expanding economy, vibrant democracy, spirituality, diversity, and a widespread Diaspora which provide India with core attributes that are attractive to the World. Examples of success abound, Bollywood today reaches an hearing twice as large as that of Hollywood our Information Technology patience competes globally Yoga has fit mainstream in the west, and even the II Ts and IIMs have become substitutable with world class education. Indias philanthropic efforts in the reconstruction of Afghanistan and more recently the aid offered to countries affected by the tsunami underscores our concern for the world around us. For India to truly become a tour de force in the community of nations, it needs to look at its weaknesses and turn them into our biggest opportunity by offering the world a new vision, a vision that would have to be rooted in our own success.ivSpirituality6. Topping the list of Indian soft power is its spirituality. Spiritualism is the net thirst-quencher of the human soul it is the only solace provider, the bliss, the only universal solution to human problems. It is that way of life which leads to completeness. It is this India that has nurtured and allowed spiritualism to thrive and flourish, to see a man or woman becoming a complete human universe. India (also called the blessed land of gods) has given birth to major religions of the world-Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Christianity reached India before it reached Rome or Europe. Islam, too, is in full bloom. Indias culture has absorbed all these religions, with its followers sustainment in harmony with one another. This has added to the richness of its culture, and it represents a perfect archetype of unity in diversity.v7. The values of love, peace and brotherhood are the qualities that Indians are known for, with Gautama Buddha, Mahavir, Ashoka and Mohandas K. Gandhi being prime examples. At present, the Indian diaspora seems to be winning the hearts of the world with their lovely character and peaceful qualities. Sreeram Chaulia, in his article, The Geat Indian Diaspora, mentions that, For the most part, an average American, Canadian or Dutchman does not see Indian immigrants as national security or economic threats, thanks to their humble, flexible and endearing qualities.viCultural finesse8. India is acutely aware of the splendour of sof t power and cultural attractivity, and needs to do tiny to render its culture appealing to the rest of the world. The process is natural, some organic. This is consistent with Indias long history as both a birthplace of ideas, and of peaceful cultural diffusion. The peaceful propagation of Buddhism is a multi-millennia old bond that India shares with the rest of the Asian continent that acts as a testament to the power of its civilizational pull.vii9. While India may tranquillise have miles to go in its quest to be a global political power, the world is already embracing it as a cultural superpower. From Bollywood films and viands to authors like Kiran Desai conquering the Booker Street, brand India has seen transformation of sorts. No wonder, cultural diplomacy has evolved into a significant track II. Brand India is now flexing its muscles as a soft power, which is essentially the international influence a nation acquires when others are drawn to its culture and ideas. While th e term may have become clichd, it is being taken seriously by the South Block given the huge potential and gains that it may accrue. Earlier cultural diplomacy was considered peripheral, now the message is clear Soft Power is important and the idea behind the festival is to project India as a plural multicultural society and to achieve the goals of political diplomacy, says Dr Karan Singh, president, Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR).viii10. While cultural diplomacy may not al ways provide solutions, it can help narrow differences. For instance, troubled dealing with a country like Pakistan can be improved by cultural diplomacy, which India is currently engaged in. Besides strategic gains, it will supplement Indias economic relations with countries like China and can boost tourism, where India has fared below its potential.Political Diplomacy11. Indias ambitions to be treated like a global leader of world presidential term at this juncture can be realised, as it is bein g evaluateed as a global emerging economy and the largest democracy in the world. It is being seen as part of the new economic wall of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), and an emerging southern voice called IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa). Many developing countries in the world are looking for towards India to provide them with support (technical, professional, material) in their trajectories of development. This preference is more readily reflected in their deep appreciation of indigenous models and practices of development and progress that India is credited to have evolved so successfully.12. The challenge before the Indian government, its political leadership and its people today is to practically demonstrate ways in which its soft power could be do accessible to many of these developing countries around the world. Indias soft power is enormous, and official leadership can acknowledge and mobilise it to make India a truly global leader.ix13. India has also increasing ly sought to expand its activities as a donor, both to reposition itself as an emerging power and to use aid as an cats-paw for engaging with other developing countries.xBollywood14. When it comes to defining Indias more modern soft power Bollywood is often cited, and with reason, as a prime example. The glittering, flamboyant films churned out by Mumbais gargantuan film industry have long been popular in certain regions of the world such as the Middle eastside ,Central Asia, South East Asia, North Africa, South Africa and throughout South Asia and the United States.15. Over the past decade, however, Bollywood has been making inroads elsewhere. One of the most popular current viral videos in India shows a man in the depths of Tajikistan passionately humming and singing a Bollywood theme song to his bemused Indian visitors-all in perfectly memorized Hindi. In certain African countries, such as Senegal and Mali, villagers often trek out miles to the closest projection room just to b e able to watch one of the latest Bollywood films. infinitesimal does it matter that they do not understand the dialogue or that it is set in a distant land the themes of love, family and marriage they evoke are universal, and the sparkle opulence of the dances, costumes and songs have the gift of enchanting the minds of moviegoers far less jaded than those in the West.xiMany Asian and South Asian countries increasingly came to find Indian cinema as more suited to their sensibilities than Western cinema. Jigna Desai holds that by the 21st century Indian cinema had managed to become deterritorialized, spreading over to the many move of the world where Indian diaspora was present in significant numbers, and becoming an pick to other international cinema.16. Indian cinema has more recently begun influencing Western musical comedy films, and work outed a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the genre in the Western world. Baz Luhrmann stated that his successful musical film Moulin blusher (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals. Danny Boyles Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) was also directly inspired by Indian films, and is considered to be homage to Hindi commercial cinema. Films by modernised female Indian directors such as Mira Nair and Deepa Mehta have revealed that Indian films are more than escapist fantasies, and can be simultaneously contemplative and entertaining.17. India is the worlds largest producer of films. In 2009, India produced a total of 2961 films on celluloid that include a staggering figure of 1288 feature films. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, and Warner Bros. Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, making the commercial presence of the strong point felt.18. The Indian Diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through mediums such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible. These earnings, accounting for some 12% of the revenue generated by a mainstream film, contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema, the net worth of which was found to be US$1.3 billion in 2000. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator, with the music rights alone accounting for 4-5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India.19. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has envisioned a whole new role for Bollywood, noting Indias soft power, especially the film industry, can be put to use as an important instrument of foreign policy. The Indian Prime minister saysThe soft power of India in some ways can be a very important instrument of foreign policy. Cultural relations, Indias film industry, Bollywood I find wh erever I go in the Middle East, in Africa, people talk near Indian films.xiiTV Programming20. Bruce Springsteen released a song some time back 57 conduct and nothing on 57 seemed like a good number then and India had 6 channel. Today the Indian TV industry supports more than 600 channels and there are 400 more channels in the offing awaiting governmental clearances. Indian TV studios churn out news in more than 10 languages, with an entertainment library which is now more than 10,00,000 hours of programming. India is global leader by a vast stretch. Europe by comparison is a yearling and the only other comparison with India is USA.xiii21. When the Indian TV soap opera Kynunki Saas Bhi was dubbed in Dari and aired on Afghanistans Tolo TV it was such an astounding success that it became a national obsession. 90% of television-owning Afghan families would follow the show, sometimes incurring the wrath of mullahs who viewed it as being responsible for the desertion of mosques duri ng evening prayers.xivThe Worlds Largest Music Industry22. India releases more music, in more languages, than any other country in the world. We have, of course, the worlds oldest living tradition in music. Compared to Indias music tradition of 3000+ years (at least),Western Music is about 400-500 years old. Most are aware of modern music but the scene in classical music is still very vibrant. Bhajans from Mirabais, Tulsidas, Surdas of 500 years ago, continue to sell in volumes and are in demand. Thyagarajas and Dikshitaars compositions in Telugu, 300 years old are still mainstream music. Compare this to the Western classical music, itself originating from the gipsy Gypsy music.Western classical music has become a fringe music tradition,while Indias Bhakti geet is alive and vibrant.xvUniversity Higher Education.23. One of the ways in which Indias soft power in education can be significantly enhanced is by becoming a global hub for higher education. The US and the UK realized the importance of this and opened its doors to foreign students in the 20th century. India has some natural advantages to attract students in terms of low annual tuition fees (less than $ 10,000 per year), low cost of living and most of the universities teaching in English capable of handling English speaking students. India can attract many students from emerging economies in Africa and Asia. India has the potential to become a global education hub and also rival Bollywood with education as a soft power.Knowledge Power24. In this twenty first century, India is regarded as a knowledge-producing machine, with its doctors, engineers, scientists and software professionals being the first preference of the international community. Indian education is high quality. Barack Obama, the U.S. President, in his election campaign had promised Americans that he would improve the take aim of American education to such high standards so as to enable the American students to compete with the students of India and China. Also, according to R N. Vijay, Martin Luther King once said, When I go to other nations, I go to preach. When I go to India, I go to learn.xviThese examples show reverence for Indian wisdom.25. In the US, there are Indians in almost all the good research labs. Indian doctors have made a name for themselves in many parts of the world. Many of the Indian immigrants to the US have been professionals engineers, doctors, scientists, etc. If India is able to contribute more to this growing tribe of educated professionals, it will create yet another category of soft power.Health Diplomacy26. The Indian healthcare industry is seen to be growing at a rapid pace and is expected to become a US$280 billion industry by 2020. The Indian healthcare market was estimated at US$35 billion in 2007 and is expected to reach over US$70 billion by 2012 and US$145 billion by 2017.xvii27. India is quickly becoming a hub for medical tourists seeking quality healthcare at an affordable co st. cut back costs, access to the latest medical technology, growing compliance to international quality standards and ease of communication all work towards Indias advantage. Foreigners in increasing numbers are now coming to India for private health care. They come from the Middle East, Africa, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, for complex paediatric cardiac surgery or liver transplants-procedures that are not make in their home countries. They also come from the United Kingdom, Europe, and North America for quick, efficient, and cheap coronary bypasses or orthopaedic procedures. A shoulder operation in the UK would cost 10 000 ($17 460 14 560) done privately or entail several months wait under the NHS. In India, the same operation can be done for 1700 and within 10 days of a first email contact.xviii28. Traditional Indian rejuvenation methods like yoga, ayurvedic massage find choose with people in western countries and corporate hospitals and wellness centers are cashing on this. Allo pathic system of medicine has reached its tether. It is no more in a position to cure the civilizational diseases of the day heart ailments, Cancer, AIDS and diseases related to digestive system. Therefore there is talk of an alternative system of medicine. Ayurveda has all the potential as an alternative system of medicine without any side-effect.29. Yoga is an ancient practice of keeping the body healthy and non-diseased. Yoga has all the powers to heal all kinds of incurable diseases. With the emergence of Baba Ramdev, Yoga has certainly become popular and pervasive all over the world. But the unfortunate fact remains that Indian State has made the least efforts to popularize it. With the rising length of service of mankind, Yogas relevance would further increase. No amount of food and medicine can keep the body fit and fine in base age of ones life. Yoga is infixed in late age of ones life to keep the body healthy and non-diseased.Indian Diaspora30. The biggest instrument of o ur soft power is the Indian Diaspora. The Indian diaspora can play a major role in spreading the soft power of India through the immense influence that they possess in their residential countries.xixMr. Yashwant Sinha, according to C. rajah Mohan, pointed out that, people of Indian origin are extremely important sources of support for the Indian Government in the execution of its policies through the influence and respect they command in the countries in which they live.xx31. Guyana, Mauritius, Fiji, Tobago, Trinidad, Singapore and many other countries at some point or the other have experienced the leadership of a person of Indian origin. In the developed countries too, they are leaving no stone unturned, and all this just in order to enhance the intangible rest of India. During Presidential elections in the US, the Indian community is targeted by the candidates, which is also a reflection of the clout that this community enjoys.xxi32. India once again seeks to leverage the treme ndous intellectual, monetary and communicative resources of its diaspora, estimated to number 25 million, widely scattered across five continents. Through their glittering academic and professional careers overseas, the diaspora opened the eyes of the West to India as a reliable destination for business process outsourcing (BPO) and for the cutting-edge phenomenon- knowledge process outsourcing (KPO). India is the proud recipient of more remittances from its Diaspora than any other country, beating China and Mexico and reigning at $21.7 billion per annum.xxiiIndian Army33. A well run

Internal Controls and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay -- SOX Act

Internal controls argon in place to comfort entities against theft from dishonest workers and outside predators. They are in any case an accurate serial of checks and balances and are in place to find discrepancies. The Sarbanes-Oxley passage of 2002 (SOX) was named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley. The Act has 11 titles and there are about half dozen areas that are considered very important. (Sox, 2006) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 made publicly traded United States companies create internal controls. The SOX act is mandatory, tout ensemble companies must comply. These controls maybe costly, but they have indentified areas at bottom companies that need to be protected. It also showed some companies areas that had unnecessary repeated practices. It has given investors a sense of say-so in companies that have complied with the SOX act. The SOX act section 404 requires that the attendee assess the participations management of internal controls and report on it. The act requires that a company include a copy of the internal controls in the year end annual report. All financial statements must be certified by a companys management. (Coustan, 2004) A company that announces deficiencies in its internal control will more than likely have a fall in their air prices. Investors will not trust that companys financial information. The investors know that the company will be hit with fines for not complying with the regulations. No honest investor wants to be involved with a company that defies the government. There are some limitations of internal controls. One is a person knowing the system. This person knows when everything is done and how it is done he or she can find a loophole and exercise it to his or her advantage. Another limitation is... ...l. If a transaction is missing or the cash on circulate is not adding up management should be notified. crimson though internal controls do not always work, every entity that has workers shoul d have internal controls. Internal controls protect entities from dishonest workers. Internal controls are a series of checks and balances. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was needed to gain control of accounting improprieties. Dishonest accounting has cost company employees millions of dollars in retirement funds. It has also cost investors millions of dollars. Works CitedA Guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (2006). Retrieved December 16, 2009 from www.soxlaw.comCoustan, H., Leinicke, L.M., & Rexroad, W.M., Ostrosky, J.A. (2004). Sorbanes-Oxley What it means to the marketplace. Journal of Accountancy. Retrieved December 17, 2009 from www.journalofaccountancy.com Internal Controls and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay -- SOX ActInternal controls are in place to protect entities against theft from dishonest workers and outside predators. They are also an accurate series of checks and balances and are in place to find discrepancies. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SO X) was named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley. The Act has 11 titles and there are about six areas that are considered very important. (Sox, 2006) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 made publicly traded United States companies create internal controls. The SOX act is mandatory, all companies must comply. These controls maybe costly, but they have indentified areas within companies that need to be protected. It also showed some companies areas that had unnecessary repeated practices. It has given investors a sense of confidence in companies that have complied with the SOX act. The SOX act section 404 requires that the auditor assess the companys management of internal controls and report on it. The act requires that a company include a copy of the internal controls in the year end annual report. All financial statements must be certified by a companys management. (Coustan, 2004) A company that announces deficiencies in its internal control will more than likely have a fall in their stock prices. Investors will not trust that companys financial information. The investors know that the company will be hit with fines for not complying with the regulations. No honest investor wants to be involved with a company that defies the government. There are some limitations of internal controls. One is a person knowing the system. This person knows when everything is done and how it is done he or she can find a loophole and use it to his or her advantage. Another limitation is... ...l. If a transaction is missing or the cash on hand is not adding up management should be notified. Even though internal controls do not always work, every entity that has workers should have internal controls. Internal controls protect entities from dishonest workers. Internal controls are a series of checks and balances. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was needed to gain control of accounting improprieties. Dishonest accounting has cost company employees millions of dollars in retire ment funds. It has also cost investors millions of dollars. Works CitedA Guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (2006). Retrieved December 16, 2009 from www.soxlaw.comCoustan, H., Leinicke, L.M., & Rexroad, W.M., Ostrosky, J.A. (2004). Sorbanes-Oxley What it means to the marketplace. Journal of Accountancy. Retrieved December 17, 2009 from www.journalofaccountancy.com

Bilingualism Essay -- essays research papers

The Limitations of LanguageThe 14th Amendment in the United States Constitution dictates that any citizen of the United States shall receive the equal protection of civil rights, with due outgrowth of the law and cannot be discriminated against based upon race, origin, sex, class or political affiliation. Thus, preceptal policy in the United States is focused on providing the equal opportunities for all students. unrivalled heated debate in American education policy making is the use of bilingual education in public schools. Because there is a evolution number of students (especially those in grade school) whose home language is not English, major literacy and learning disparities are created when non-english speaking students enroll in public schools that teach in English only. Students with limited English proficiency will have to work harder to achieve the same level of other students whose home language is English. Bilingual education is a program designed to alleviate the ed ucational inequalities and disparities caused by present educational system. The focus of bilingual education is to guarantee that these students1. Learn the basic subjects (math, science, reading, genial studies) in their home language from the time they enter school. The advantage of teaching students with limited English proficiency the basic subjects in their home language is that they will promote their academic progress while learning the English language. 2. Learn...